Italy presents one of the great puzzles of post-war European economic development. From the 1950s through the 1980s, it was one of the most successful catching-up economies in the developed world. Rapid industrialisation, productivity growth and structural transformation brought Italian living standards progressively closer to those of the leading European economies. Then, around the beginning of the 1990s, something changed. Productivity growth collapsed, investment weakened, real wages stagnated and Italy gradually transformed from one of Europe’s most dynamic industrial economies into its most conspicuous case of long-term stagnation.
The reasons for Italian secular stagnation
The conventional explanation is reassuringly simple. Italy had been living beyond its means. Its growth was supported by fiscal deficits, rising public debt, inflation and periodic currency devaluations. By the early 1990s, with public debt above 100% of GDP and the lira under pressure, this model had supposedly reached its macroeconomic limits. Fiscal consolidation, structural reforms and eventually the euro were therefore not the causes of Italy’s decline, but the unavoidable correction of an unsustainable development model.
But the timing raises an uncomfortable question. Italy’s economic performance deteriorated precisely when its old policy regime was replaced by a fundamentally different institutional framework: the Maastricht Treaty in 1992, completion of the Single Market in 1993, fiscal and monetary convergence during the remainder of the decade, and finally the Stability and Growth Pact and monetary union. The crucial question, therefore, is whether Italian growth was undermined by the exhaustion of its previous development model, or by the new constraints imposed by deeper European integration?

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