Ukrajina: drobiž v igri velikih

Marko Golob

V devetem krogu, najbližje Satanu, so najhujši grešniki. To so tisti, ki druge vodijo v greh.

(La divina commedia, Inferno (Božanska komedija, Pekel), Dante Alighieri)

Četrtega februarja 2023 je nekdanji izraelski premier Naftali Bennett v intervjuju navedel vrsto šokantnih podrobnosti o mirovnih pogovorih med Rusijo in Ukrajino marca 2022. O teh pogovorih, ki so potekali v Turčiji pod posredovanjem turške diplomacije, vemo sicer kar nekaj. Vemo, da je skoraj prišlo do dogovora in vemo, da je prišlo kasneje v začetku aprila 2022 do posredovanja angleškega premierja Borisa Johnsona v Kijevu, ki je pokopal vsako upanje na uresničitev dogovora. Znana je tudi izjava turškega zunanjega ministra Mevluta Cavusogluja iz aprila 2022, ki je dejal:

“Da nekomu na Zahodu ni do tega, da bi prišlo do premirja”.

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Nigeria: capitalist failure

Za izid volitev v Nigeriji sta ključni dve stvari. Prvič, Nigerija ima nafto. In drugič, močno povezano s tem: koga je podprla podsekretarka Nulandova (znana kot “operativka za volitve v drugih državah”, ki je bila “na obisku” v Nigeriji pred 10 dnevi.

https://twitter.com/UnderSecStateP/status/1626050245779140608?lang=en

michael roberts's avatarMichael Roberts Blog

Tomorrow the people of the most populous country in Africa go to the polls to elect a new President.  Nigeria is the biggest economy in Africa and home to at least 220m people. Its population will nearly double in the next 25 years to 400m, surpassing the US as the world’s third most populated country.

This is probably the most crucial election for Nigeria’s people for decades.  The economy is stagnating, terrorism and crime is rife and threatens the daily security of the people – and successive governments have failed to meet these challenges.

Normally, the election battle for the presidency is between two well-greased part machines.  There is the ruling All Progressives Congress led by Bola Tinubu and the Tweedledum alternative is the People’s Democratic Party with Atiku Abubakar making his sixth attempt to become president.  There are always a host of smaller parties which usually stand no chance…

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Obstaja cepivo proti fake news?

Tim Harford komentira novo knjigo “Foolproof: Why We Fall for Misinformation and How to Build Immunity” Sanderja van der Lindena, profesorja iz Cambridga, in se sprašuje, ali se lahko “cepimo proti dezinformacijam”. Obstajajo sicer metode, kot je opozorilo pred člankom ali youtube videom, ki vsebuje teorije zarote. Je pa problem, kdo ima avtoriteto, da presodi ali gre res za dezinformacijo? Znanost, varnostne službe, mediji? Denimo tri leta je veljalo, da gre v primeru teorije o laboratorijskem izvoru Covid virusa za dezinformacijo in te “dezinformacije” so bile sfiltrirane (niso prišle v masovne medije, čeprav je že skupina Jeffreya Sachsa, ki je po naročilu revije Lancet, pregledovala dokumentacijo, ugotovila enako), zdaj pa je na osnovi vseh zbranih obveščevalnih podatkov ameriško ministrstvo za energijo, ki je pristojno tudi za biolaboratorije, v posebnem dokumentu mnenja, da je virus laboratorijskega izvora (ne pa rezultat mutacije virusa iz živali na človeka).

Še večji problem pa je “učinek iluzorne resnice”, da denimo bolj verjamemo v trditve glede nečesa, kar nam je poznano ali če to slišimo od kroga ljudi, ki so nam blizu. In na slednjem bazirajo socialni mediji. Pri čemer se sploh ne zavedamo, kako nam algoritmi ustvarjajo mnenje in pogled na dogajanja, saj se gibljemo v krogu ljudi, ki so bili “okuženi” z enakimi (dez)informacijami kot mi. Živimo v balončkih vrtualne resničnosti enakomislečih. In žalostna novica je, da tudi Sander van der Linden ni prepričan, da obstaja učinkovito proticepivo, pač pa zgolj “koristna”.

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Kitajski predlog načel za mirno rešitev vojne v Ukrajini

China’s Position on the Political Settlement of the Ukraine Crisis

2023-02-24 09:00

1. Respecting the sovereignty of all countries. Universally recognized international law, including the purposes and principles of the United Nations Charter, must be strictly observed. The sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of all countries must be effectively upheld. All countries, big or small, strong or weak, rich or poor, are equal members of the international community. All parties should jointly uphold the basic norms governing international relations and defend international fairness and justice. Equal and uniform application of international law should be promoted, while double standards must be rejected. 

2. Abandoning the Cold War mentality. The security of a country should not be pursued at the expense of others. The security of a region should not be achieved by strengthening or expanding military blocs. The legitimate security interests and concerns of all countries must be taken seriously and addressed properly. There is no simple solution to a complex issue. All parties should, following the vision of common, comprehensive, cooperative and sustainable security and bearing in mind the long-term peace and stability of the world, help forge a balanced, effective and sustainable European security architecture. All parties should oppose the pursuit of one’s own security at the cost of others’ security, prevent bloc confrontation, and work together for peace and stability on the Eurasian Continent.

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Tretja svetovna vojna (iz nezahodne perspektive)

Tako vojno v Ukrajini in dogajanje pred njo, ki sta pripeljali na rob tretje svetovne vojne, vidijo v nezahodnih državah. Spodaj je kratek zapis Mahathirja Mohamada, nekdanjega dolgoletnega predsednika vlade Malezije. Razumejo jo kot nerazumno željo Zahoda po dominaciji in hegemoniji. Ko to preberete, vidite to ameriško prerivanje (preoblečeno v Nato) okrog Sovjetske zveze in po njenem razpadu okrog Rusije ter zdaj še okrog Kitajske v povsem novi perspektivi. In bistveno lažje razumete, zakaj praktično nobena država izven ameriškega zahodnega vplivnega območja ne želi sodelovati v sankcijah proti Rusiji. Toliko smo osredotočeni nase, da sploh več ne vidimo bistva.

I hesitate to write this article. I may be accused of apologising for the Russians. I am not. I think the present war between Ukraine and Russia is caused by the Europeans’ love of War, of hegemony, of dominance.

Russia was the partner of the Western Europeans (including U.S. and Canada) in the war against Germany. The moment Germany was defeated, the west declared that Russia, their partner was their new enemy.

So they must prepare for war against Russia. And NATO was set up to form a military alliance against Russia. Russia then set up the Warsaw Pact. And a Cold war ensued. And the world had to choose between the west and the east.

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Dan, ko je Kitajska uradno vstopila v hladno vojno 2, ki so jo sprožile ZDA

Doslej je bila nova hladna vojna (hladna vojna 2) enostranska akcija ZDA proti Kitajski. Začelo se je s Pacifiškim trgovinsko-investicijskim sporazumom, ki ga je predsednik Barack Obama ponudil pacifiškim državam in ki je bil izrecno usmerjen kot oblikovanje gospodarskega bloka proti Kitajski. Nadaljevalo se je s trgovinskimi vojnami proti Kitajski in prepovedjo nastopanja nekaj kitajskih tehnoloških podjetij na ameriškem trgu v času predsednika Donalda Trumpa. Danes pa eskalira s polno tehnološko blokado proti Kitajski (prepoved izvoza čipov in tehnologije za izdelavo čipov, dolg seznam prek 1,000 kitajskih tehnoloških podjetij, ki ne smejo nastopati na ameriškem trgu ali s katerimi je prepovedano sodelovati) in podpornimi ukrepi za izzivanje Kitajske (obisk Pelosijeve na Tajvanu, ameriško urjenje tajvanske vojske, ustanavljanje vojaških baz okrog Kitajske ter histerično sestreljevanje nedolžnih kitajskih meteoroloških balonov).

Bidenov zakon za podporo ameriški tehnološki industriji (Inflation Reduction Act, IRA) je simbolično enak Kennedyjevemu Trade Expansion Act iz leta 1962. Slednji je zakoličil hladno vojno s tedanjo Sovjetsko zvezo in tehnološko vojno (v vesolju in jedrskem orožju). Vendar s to razliko, da je Kennedyjev zakon spodbujal sodelovanje z evropskimi zaveznicami (iz njega se je razvila t.i. “Kennedyjeva trgovinska runda” pogajanj v okviru GATT o zniževanju medsebojnih carin), medtem ko je Bidenov zakon izrecno protekcionističen, usmerjen proti Kitajski in vsem drugim, predvsem evropskim državam. Gre za izrecno soliranje ZDA, za tehnološko tekmo proti preostalemu svetu.

Kitajska  je doslej te ameriške enostranske ukrepe – v duhu svoje pragmatičnosti – dokaj stoično in potrpežljivo prenašala. Po münchenski varnostni konferenci prejšnji vikend pa je na ameriške desetletje in pol dolge enostranske aktivnosti tudi uradno odgovorila. In sicer s predlogom mirovnega sporazuma za Ukrajino, ki ga je predstavnik kitajskega zunanjega ministrstva Vang Ji skomuniciral z Nemčijo in Francijo, nato pa še v Moskvi. V Moskvi je predstavnik kitajskega zunanjega ministrstva tudi napovedal, da bo Kitajska “združila sile” z Rusijo (z odprtim pomenom tega izraza).

Nato je Kitajska snela rokavice. Včeraj pa je tiskovni predstavnik kitajskega zunanjega ministrstva Wengbin predstavil ključne poudarke iz notranje analize kitajskega zunanjega ministrstva glede oblik ameriškega posredovanja v drugih državah po drugi svetovni vojni in posledicah ameriške politične, vojaške, kulturne in tehnološke hegemonije za mir in stabilnost v svetu. Ta predstavitev je bila neobičajno nediplomatska in brutalno neposredna – z izjavami, da so ZDA v svoji 240-letni zgodovini le 16 let uspele zdržati brez vojne, da so po 2 SV poskušale zamenjati 50 vlad v drugih državah, da so se vmešavale v volitve v najmanj 30 državah in poskušale ubiti več kot 50 tujih voditeljev držav.

https://twitter.com/AZgeopolitics/status/1628799595714076679

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Russia-Ukraine: one year of war – the economics

“In summary, Russia cannot rely on foreign financing to fund the war. But it can continue its invasion in the face of economic sanctions from the West, as long as its energy revenues do not fall too much and its FX reserves are not depleted too much; or its domestic economy does not contract so much that Russia’s citizens really cannot face any more. That could be years. 

In contrast, with a much smaller economy, Ukraine is already destroyed domestically and does not have enough domestic or export revenues to fight this war; so it must rely on foreign funding. As long as that comes in sufficient amounts, it too can continue for years.

Both Ukraine and Russia are now war economies. By that I mean the state now controls the direction of the economy ie where production and investment are employed. The ‘free market’ is replaced by state control for the military effort. 

But there is a difference between the two economies that will be expressed after the war ends – if it ever does. Post-war Ukraine, if the current government survives, is committed to a neo-liberal free market economy relying on foreign investment and companies taking over the main resources and being integrated into the EU. The model to follow will be that of Poland and Baltic states ie no welfare state to speak of; pensions reduced; no trade unions and labour rights; deregulation of markets; and ultimate reliance on capital transfers from the West. 

In contrast, post-war Russia, assuming Putin or his cronies are still in power, will opt for a much more state-directed economy than before. Freewheeling oligarchs doing their own thing will not be tolerated (only Putin’s cronies) and key resources and investments will be closely controlled by the state.

Before the war, there was one thing in common for both countries: a high level of corruption between billionaires and politicians. That is unlikely to change, as recent revelations of corruption in the government of Ukraine have revealed. And don’t expect the EU to cleanse ‘free market’ Ukraine; after all, most of Eastern Europe’s states are riddled with corruption with little sanction and it seems that even EU parliament members are also engaged. As Bernie Sanders said recently: “Yes, Russia has oligarchs, but so does the US.” – and indeed everywhere.”

michael roberts's avatarMichael Roberts Blog

It’s just a year since the Russian invasion of Ukraine. I am not going to discuss the politics of this war in this post. There are plenty of sources for debate on this. Instead, I want to look at the economic consequences of the war for both Ukraine and Russia.

Let’s start with Ukraine. Back last year, an IMF staff report last March concluded that the country was paralysed.“With millions of Ukrainians fleeing their homes and many cities under bombardment, ordinary economic activity must, to a large extent, be suspended.”And over the last year, Ukraine has been destroyed by Russian bombing and arms. Thousands have died, millions have been displaced and/or fled the country. The economic base of the country is being annihilated.

Before the war, Ukraine was already a very poor country with a real GDP of just $160bn. Before this war is over, the physical loss…

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Zakaj si Kitajska želi močne Rusije

There’s a lot of ridiculous commentary these days on China’s relationship with Russia. When you do not even attempt to understand China’s context, you obviously won’t understand its position. Small 🧵 to put things back into context.

First of all, geographic context. Not only is Russia China’s biggest neighbor in terms of land, they share one of the longest (4133km!) and therefore the most difficulty protectable land border on the planet.

Second, historical context. In most of its millennia old history, China has had difficulties with its neighbors to the North. They didn’t build the great wall for no reason!

Heck as recently as the cold war China and the Soviet Union were often on the hedge of (nuclear) war.

All this to say that for China’s standpoint, peaceful relations with Russia is a very precious and historically rare blessing.

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Biden: Tokrat je drugače

Leta 2008 sta ekonomista Carmen Reinhart in Kenneth Rogoff napisala zelo citirano raziskavo o 800 let zgodovine ekonomskih kriz z namerno ciničnim naslovom “This time is different“. Bila sta cinična glede tega, da je bila večina ekonomistov in politikov presenečena nad tem, da se je zgodila tako uničujoča finančna kriza, če pa imamo za seboj 800 let zgodovine teh kriz in če na podlagi tega, kako so se krize razvile, poznamo indikatorje (early warnings) prihajajoče krize.

Danes imamo opravka z državniki, kot je ameriški predsednik Joseph Biden, ki je (iz moralnega vidika povsem upravičeno) obsodil rusko obstreljevanje civilne infrastrukture v Ukrajini in to proglasil celo za vojni zločin. Toda isti Biden, takrat še senator, je leta 1999 predlagal (glejte spodnji video), da Nato bombardira mesto Beograd in civilno infrastrukturo v Beogradu in na Drini (op.p. najbrž je mislil Savo), da ciljajo srbske naftne rezervoarje itd. Isti Biden je leta 2003 močno podpiral ameriško agresijo na Irak, kjer so (predvsem) ameriške sile prav tako ciljale civilno infrastrukturo in kjer je neizvana ameriška agresija neposredno ali posredno povzročila smrt 460,000 do 650,000 predvsem civilistov (v skladu z neodvisnimi akademskimi ocenami Lancet in PLOS).

Ampak tokrat je drugače. Danes ko Rusija “igra ameriško igro” (kar je seveda absolutno zavržno), je za Bidena to seveda to povsem drugače. Za ZDA ne veljajo isti standardi kot za druge države.

https://twitter.com/AZgeopolitics/status/1628281442844266496

A burst of optimism: unfounded?

michael roberts's avatarMichael Roberts Blog

There has been a burst of optimism about the state of the world economy since the beginning of the year.  At the end of last year, the consensus of many economic forecasts was that the major economies were heading into a slump in 2023.  Most of the internatiol agencies were forecasting a slowdown in economic growth at best and at worst a contraction in national outputs of the major economies.  I too posted a forecast for 2023 as “the impending slump”.

But now the mood has changed.  The consensus view is that the G7 economies (with the sorry exception of the UK) will avoid a slump this year.  Sure, there will be slowdown compared to 2022, but the major economies are going to achieve a ‘soft landing’ or even no landing at all, but just motor on, if at a low rate of growth.  The international agencies have upgraded their…

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