Why Europe and the United States Must Pivot From Defensive Trade Measures to Strategic Industrial Reconstruction
Brad Setser’s observation on Robin Harding’s recent FT analysis captures the essence of China’s trade model: excluding iron ore and oil, China’s vision of trade is one-way — all exports, almost no imports. This is not merely a statistical pattern; it is a reflection of a deliberate national strategy to reinforce industrial self-sufficiency while deepening global export dominance. Setser’s conclusion is blunt: “Beijing isn’t leaving Brussels or Berlin with much of a choice.”
If Europe and the United States wish to preserve a viable industrial base, they must abandon illusions about “managing” China through diplomatic signaling, WTO cases, or draconian tariffs. China now possesses the technological autonomy, material independence, scale and cost advantage to withstand Western pressure — and Western economies are the ones most vulnerable to escalation.
Understanding the Challenge: China’s Asymmetric Trade Model
China now imports primarily energy, food, raw materials, and selected high-tech components, while exporting increasingly competitive mid-tech and industrial goods under its own brands. This technological shift—both in production methods and industrial organization—has enabled China to outperform and displace Western firms in their home markets and globally.
This structural shift leaves Western industrial bases exposed. The EU and U.S. face declining trade balances / rising trade deficits, declining manufacturing capacity, completely exposed supply chains, and shrinking technological leadership in several sectors. Traditional policy tools — tariffs, export controls, WTO litigation — have yielded negligible results.
The key question is therefore not how to stop China, but how to rebuild ourselves.



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