Kitajska vlada je leta 2015 sprejela Made in China 2025 (MIC 2025), program industrijske politike na področju zelenih, digitalnih in drugih visokih tehnologij ter na področju materialov in kmetijstva. Namen tega Ta ambicioznega načrta je nadgraditi kitajske proizvodne zmogljivosti, zmanjšati odvisnost od tuje tehnologije in spodbujati inovacije v različnih visokotehnoloških panogah. Ironično je, da se je ta strategija zgledovala po nemški iniciativi Industrija 4.0 s fokusom na inteligentno proizvodnjo in integracijo informacijske tehnologije z industrijsko proizvodnjo. Medtem ko je nemška industrija danes v popolnem razsulu in se razprodaja, je kitajska zelena in high-tech industrija v polnem razcvetu.
Seveda pa je Kitajska v to strategijo investirala (po ocenah) več kot 1,500 milijard dolarjev. To je cirka 10 % skupnega BDP držav EU oziroma Kitajske v 10 letih oziroma 1 % BDP letno. Se vam zdi to veliko za rezultat, da postanete dominantna velesila v večini zelenih in digitalnih tehnologij in da ustvarite največji in najmodernejši sistem hitrih železnic na svetu (ko je hitreje, udobneje in ceneje potovati iz Šanghaja v Peking z vlakom kot letalom – razdaljo 1,318 km z vlakom naredite v 4.5 urah za ceno 71 dolarjev v drugem razredu)?
Le kako, da se EU ni odločila za takšno strategijo in postala dominantna globalna velesila, pač pa se je raje ukvarjala s fiskalnimi pravili, zamaški na plastenkah, GDPR ter spodbujanjem nadaljevanja vojne v Ukrajini?!
Spodaj je povzetek kitajske MIC 2025, kot jo je (po precej matranja in editiranja) ustvaril ChatGPT 4o. Pod vsako navedbo so navedeni viri. V naslednjem postu sledi povzetek uspešnosti te strategije s slikovnim gradivom (tega se mi s ChatGPT nikakor ne posreči dodati v povzetek).
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Introduction
“Made in China 2025” (MIC 2025) is a strategic initiative unveiled by the Chinese government in May 2015, aiming to transform China into a leading manufacturing powerhouse by the year 2049, coinciding with the centennial of the People’s Republic of China. This ambitious plan seeks to upgrade China’s manufacturing capabilities, reduce reliance on foreign technology, and foster innovation across various high-tech industries.
Background and Objectives
China’s rapid economic growth over the past few decades has been largely driven by its manufacturing sector. However, challenges such as rising labor costs, environmental concerns, and increasing competition from other developing nations have necessitated a shift towards more advanced manufacturing processes. MIC 2025 draws inspiration from Germany’s “Industry 4.0” initiative, focusing on intelligent manufacturing and the integration of information technology with industrial production.
The primary objectives of MIC 2025 include:
- Innovation-Driven Development: Enhancing indigenous innovation capabilities and reducing dependency on foreign technologies.
- Quality Over Quantity: Shifting from high-speed growth to high-quality development in the manufacturing sector.
- Green Development: Promoting sustainable and environmentally friendly manufacturing practices.
- Structural Optimization: Upgrading industrial structures to move up the global value chain.
- Talent Development: Cultivating a skilled workforce to support advanced manufacturing industries.
Key Sectors Targeted
MIC 2025 identifies ten priority sectors for development:
- New Generation Information Technology: Advancing semiconductors, 5G networks, and artificial intelligence technologies.
- High-End Numerical Control Machinery and Robotics: Developing precision machinery and industrial robots to enhance automation.
- Aerospace Equipment: Expanding capabilities in aircraft manufacturing and space exploration technologies.
- Marine Engineering Equipment and High-Tech Ships: Innovating in shipbuilding and offshore engineering to support maritime industries.
- Advanced Rail Transit Equipment: Enhancing high-speed rail systems and related infrastructure.
- Energy-Saving and New Energy Vehicles: Promoting electric and hybrid vehicles to reduce environmental impact.
- Power Equipment: Developing advanced power generation and transmission technologies.
- Agricultural Machinery: Modernizing agricultural equipment to improve efficiency and productivity.
- New Materials: Researching and producing advanced materials for various industrial applications.
- Biopharmaceuticals and High-Performance Medical Devices: Innovating in healthcare technologies to meet growing domestic and global demand.
Implementation Measures
To achieve the goals outlined in MIC 2025, the Chinese government has implemented several measures:
Policy Support
- Financial Incentives: Offering subsidies, tax breaks, and financial support to enterprises engaged in priority sectors.
- Regulatory Reforms: Streamlining administrative processes to facilitate innovation and industrial upgrading.
Research and Development
- Increased R&D Investment: Encouraging both public and private sectors to boost research and development spending.
- Establishment of Innovation Centers: Setting up national innovation demonstration zones and research institutions to foster collaboration between academia and industry.
Talent Development
- Educational Initiatives: Reforming educational curricula to align with the needs of advanced manufacturing industries.
- Attracting Global Talent: Implementing policies to attract and retain skilled professionals from around the world.
International Collaboration
- Strategic Partnerships: Forming alliances with foreign enterprises and institutions to facilitate technology transfer and collaborative innovation.
- Overseas Investments: Encouraging Chinese companies to invest abroad to acquire advanced technologies and managerial expertise.
Funds devoted to MIC 2025
While the Chinese government has not publicly disclosed the total funding allocated to MIC 2025, estimates suggest it involves substantial investments through various financial mechanisms.
Key Funding Measures:
- State Funding and Subsidies: The initiative is supported by significant state funding, low-interest loans, tax breaks, and other subsidies, collectively amounting to “hundreds of billions of dollars.”
- Advanced Manufacturing Fund: Approximately $2.9 billion has been allocated to the Advanced Manufacturing Fund to support the development of high-tech industries.
- National Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund: Also known as the “Big Fund,” this fund has received about $20.2 billion to bolster the semiconductor industry.
- State-Guided Funds: China has established nearly 800 state-guided funds, valued at approximately RMB 2.2 trillion (around $320 billion), to invest in and support industries and companies aligned with MIC 2025 objectives.
- 5G Infrastructure Investment: As part of MIC 2025, China plans to invest $1.4 trillion over five to six years to build 5G networks, install cameras and sensors for smart cities, and integrate these networks with industry to accelerate progress in smart manufacturing.
Summary of Funds Invested by Key Measures:
These investments reflect China’s commitment to achieving the goals set out in the MIC 2025 initiative, focusing on technological innovation and industrial upgrading to enhance its manufacturing capabilities.
Overall Achievements:
As of January 2025, the initiative has achieved significant success across various sectors.
- Global Export Market Share: Between 2005 and 2023, China increased its global export market share in each of the nine target sectors identified by MIC 2025. These sectors now constitute 18.8% of China’s total goods exports, up from 15.6% in 2015.
Sector-Specific Achievements:
- Electric Vehicles (EVs) and Lithium Batteries: China has emerged as a global leader in the production and export of electric vehicles and lithium batteries. The country has surpassed its targets in this sector, becoming a dominant player in the global market. EV sales in China are expected to surpass traditional vehicle sales for the first time, marking a significant milestone in the country’s clean energy transition. Domestic manufacturers like BYD and Nio have played pivotal roles in this growth, supported by government subsidies and competitive pricing strategies.
- Renewable Energy: China leads globally in the production of renewable energy technologies, particularly in solar and wind power. This leadership has facilitated the country’s efforts toward energy transition and has positioned it as a key exporter of green technologies. China leads the world in solar panel manufacturing, accounting for a significant portion of global production. This achievement aligns with MIC 2025’s goal of advancing renewable energy technologies.
- Technological Advancements: The initiative has spurred significant investments in research and development, leading to advancements in areas such as artificial intelligence and supercomputing. China’s focus on innovation has resulted in the development of some of the world’s most powerful supercomputers and progress in AI technologies.
- High-Speed Rail: The nation has developed the world’s largest high-speed rail network, showcasing its capabilities in advanced infrastructure and engineering.
- Graphene and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs): China has achieved global leadership in graphene production and UAV technology, reflecting its advancements in new materials and aerospace sectors.
Challenges and Ongoing Efforts:
Despite these successes, certain areas require further development. For instance, targets related to advanced photolithography technology and intercontinental passenger aircraft have yet to be fully realized. The new materials sector has the lowest completion rate at 75%, indicating room for improvement.
In summary, the “Made in China 2025” initiative has been largely successful, with China achieving or surpassing many of its targets across key high-tech sectors. However, continued efforts are necessary to address remaining challenges and fully realize the initiative’s objectives.
References
- Made in China 2025 – CSIS
- Made in China 2025 – Wikipedia
- Made in China 2025 – The Diplomat
- Made in China 2025 – Mercator Institute for China Studies
- Implementation stressed for manufacturing vision – State Council of the People’s Republic of China
- Made in China 2025 and Industrial Policies: Issues for Congress
- News in Charts: Has ‘Made in China 2025’ achieved its aim? – Refinitiv
- Is ‘Made in China 2025’ a Threat to Global Trade? – cfr.org
- China to invest big in “Made in China 2025” strategy – english.www.gov.cn
- MADE IN CHINA 2025 – orcasia.org
- How ‘Made in China 2025’ helped supercharge scientific … – Nature
DAMIJAN blog 
»Le kako, da se EU ni odločila za takšno strategijo in postala dominantna globalna velesila, pač pa se je raje ukvarjala s fiskalnimi pravili, zamaški na steklenicah, GDPR ter spodbujanjem nadaljevanja vojne v Ukrajini?!«
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