John M. Keynes, ki se je s sedanjo globoko krizo povpraševanja in deflacijsko depresijo v razvitih državah kot posledice podivjanega obnašanja posamičnih ekonomskih agentov in trgov spet zmagoslavno vrnil, je že leta 1931 v knjigi Essays in biography opravil z idejo, da je mogoče dogajanje v gospodarstvu napovedati na podlagi obnašanja atomiziranih agentov. Ali povedano v jeziku ekonomskega modeliranja: makroekonomski modeli (neo-klasični ali neo-keynesianski), ki se hvalijo s tem, da temeljijo na optimizacijskem obnašanju individualnih ekonomskih agentov, ne morejo služiti kot dobro orodje za pojasnjevanje dinamike celotnega gospodarstva. Kajti tudi v fiziki teza, da je “celota vsota delcev”, ne drži in ne deluje.

The atomic hypothesis which has worked so splendidly in Physics breaks down in Psychics. We are faced at every turn with the problems of Organic Unity, of Discreteness, of Discontinuity – the whole is not equal to the sum of the parts, comparisons of quantity fails us, small changes produce large effects, the assumptions of a uniform and homogeneous continuum are not satisfied. Thus the results of Mathematical Psychics turn out to be derivative, not fundamental, indexes, not measurements, first approximations at the best; and fallible indexes, dubious approximations at that, with much doubt added as to what, if anything, they are indexes or approximations of.

Vir: John M. Keynes, Essays in biography, 1931 in 1933

In še komentar Larsa P. Sylla:

Where “New Keynesian” and New Classical economists think that they can rigorously deduce the aggregate effects of (representative) actors with their reductionist microfoundational methodology, they have to put a blind eye on the emergent properties that characterize all open social and economic systems. The interaction between animal spirits, trust, confidence, institutions etc., cannot be deduced or reduced to a question answerable on the individual level. Macroeconomic structures and phenomena have to be analyzed on their own terms.

Vir: Lars P. Syll